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| Reference | Theme | Discussion | Source |
|---|---|---|---|
| Tamir Sorek. (2021). Culture and politics in Palestine/Israel. Ethnic and Racial Studies, 44:6, 919-924, | Historical perspective | • This paper discusses some particular aspects consist: the relations between Arab identity, Mizrahi identity, and Israeli nationalism; the nightclub scene as a field of encounter, appropriation, and exclusion; an analysis of the institutional and political conditions of Palestinian cinema; the implications of the intersectional relationship between gender, ethnicity and national identity in the field of popular culture, and the concrete relations between particular aesthetic forms and symbolic power. • Using content analysis methods on secondary data by highlighting previous studies. • These studies illustrate various dimensions of culture as power, at a time when the struggle for justice, freedom, and peace in Palestine/Israel seems to reach an impasse. With the demise of the two-state solution and no realistic paths for implementing alternative forms of de-colonization, the future of Palestinians and Israelis depends on the ability of creative forces to imagine new paths and mobilize support for their ideas. • The cultural sphere is where this imagination could happen, and cultural producers have the potential to serve as intellectuals disseminating new ideas and building innovative forms of consciousness. • The articles in this issue provide some potential leads to the ways it could happen, as well as indicate to the obstacles, limitations, and challenges we could face as we expect a political change | Link |
| Shadi Abu-Ayyash. (2018).The Solidarity Movement: Mediation and Collaboration for Palestine Online in the UK and Ireland. Open edition journals, p. 59-81, | Action for Palestinian Unity | • This paper examines the concept of online mediation in relation to representation of Palestine through examining the UK and Ireland based solidarity movement’s contemporary collective action. • The paper highlights the solidarity movement’s online activism methods in relation to networking, advocacy and lobbying, and discusses the varied modes of collaboration among the diverse solidarity groups that takes place partially via online interactive platforms. • The paper examines contemporary mediation of Palestine throughout social media platforms. • It argues for the significance of the Internet as a venue for expression, for mediating messages and as a mobilizing tool, as used by solidarity groups involved in the advocacy for the Palestinian cause. Through studying how online media platforms are shaping the dynamics of the movement’s communication, the text provides an understanding of the ways in which Internet platforms are contributing to the dissemination of favorable narratives. | Link |
| Abigail B. Bakan & Yasmeen Abu Laban. (2009). Palestinian resistance and international solidarity: the BDS campaign. Journal of race and class, 51(1):29-54, | Action for Palestinian Unity | •This study examines the history of the divestment campaign and the debates it has engendered. •The study utilizing a Gramscian approach and drawing from Charles Mills' concept of 'racial contract'. •The study argues that the effectiveness of boycott, divestment and sanctions (BDS) as a strategy of resistance and cross-border solidarity is intimately connected with a challenge to the hegemonic place of Zionism in western ideology. •This campaign has challenged an international racial contract which, from 1948, has assigned a common interest between the state of Israel and international political allies, while absenting Palestinians as simultaneously non-white, the subjects of extreme repression and stateless. •The BDS campaign also points to an alternative — the promise of a real and lasting peace in the Middle East. | Link |
| Szydzisz. M. (2016). Israeli-Palestinian conflict – a catalog of problems to solve. Review of nationalities, doi: | Issue of Palestinian Unity and historical perspective | •Article refers to basic problem connected with Israeli-Palestinian conflict. This article divided into two groups. The first, includes all objective obstacles: Jerusalem issue, Jewish settlement question and Palestinian refugee’s concern. The second catalog is less precise. Author indicates political scene of two societies, Israel ability to manage the conflict, international conditions and mutual distrust of both Parties. •The article aims to outline the main obstacles on the way to reach a final agreement between the conflicting parties. The author will also try to outline the future scenarios and find the answer to the question whether the creation of the Palestinian state as well as the end of the dispute between Israelis and Palestinians is possible in the near future. •This study concludes that, the Israeli authorities have the keys to the solution of the conflict. Palestinians are not able to force the government in Tel Aviv to specific solution. The international community has illusory influence on the Israeli elites as well. Only the pressure of Israeli society gives a chance to modify the approach of the authorities. | Link |
| Pogodda. S. & Richmond. O.P (2015). Palestinian unity and everyday state formation:subaltern ungovernmentalitu versus elite interest. Third world quarterly, 36:5, 890-907, | Action for Palestinian unity | •The paper introduces the novel concept of everyday state formation as a crucial form of grassroots agency in this process. Moreover, it illustrates the internal tensions of contemporary state-building: without reconciliation across multiple scales – local to global – the complex interactions of structural, governmental and subaltern power tend to build societal fragility into emerging state structures. •In order to create a viable Palestinian state some, form of inner-Palestinian consensus is necessary at different levels. The integrity of Palestinian state institutions cannot be restored without national reconciliation between Hamas and Fatah. | Link |
| Murat Sofuoglu. (2021). Why the newfound Palestinian unity baffles Israel? | Action for Palestinian Unity | • The recent show of Palestinian unity against the Israeli occupation not only solidified international support but also demonstrated to Tel Aviv that the resistance is taking a new political shape. • The actions taken: i. Just like in the last days of South Africa’s former Apartheid regime, during recent escalations across the Holy Land, Israel has been forced to face a large Palestinian revolt across several fronts, from Gaza to the West Bank and the Green Line areas, where mixed Jewish and Palestinian populations live. ii. The Palestinian general strike on May 18 observed across occupied territories, Gaza and the Green Line Israel, was a crucial development. • That was a great form of popular resistance going on strike in masse in all parts of [historical] Palestine. In fact, there was also quite a lot of support internationally and among Palestinians internationally as well. | Link |
| Hani Albasoos. (2014). The future of the Palestinian Authority. Journal of conflictology, Volume 5, Issue 2. | Action for Palestinian Unity and historical perspective | •Attempts at building national unity by Palestinian political factions, the leading force in the Palestinian political system, resulted, in June 2014, in the formation of a Palestinian unity government after seven years of division. This government is backed by the UN, the EU, and the US. Meanwhile, several Israeli ministers lashed out at Washington over its decision to work with the new Palestinian unity government which is backed by the Islamist movement Hamas (Ma’an News Agency, 03/06/2014). •The Palestinian political factions signed the reconciliation agreement and established a technocrat government representing national unity, to be followed by presidential and parliamentary elections within six months. This means the continuation of the Palestinian Authority (PA) and its institutions, the chairman, legislative council and municipal councils. | Link |
| Booth. W. & Gearan. A. (2014). Palestinians form new unity government that includes Hamas. | Issues in Palestinian Unity | •Palestinians overcame to form a new “government of national unity”, backed by the Islamist militant group Hamas. • The announcement of the transitional government, led by the moderate Palestinian Authority Prime Minister Rami Hamdallah and with ministries run mostly by technocrats, represents a significant step toward ending a seven-year feud between the Palestinian political factions that separately control the West Bank and the Gaza Strip. | Link |
| Mahmoud Abdou. (2013, April 18). Disunity in Palestine: Its history and implications for the peace process. | Issues of Palestinian unity and disunity/ historical perpective/ the unity models | •One of the main challenges to peace in the Middle East is the internal division among Palestinians between Fatah on the one hand, and Hamas on the other. •It’s invited a policy of divide and control by the Israeli government, thereby compromising the prospects of a two-state resolution of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict, but it has also fragmented Palestinian society and undermined the cohesiveness and unity of Palestinian decision-making. •The Palestinians have come under the effective control of nearly four different entities: Israel, the West Bank government of Fatah, the Gaza Strip government of Hamas, and the United Nations and the different NGOs/INGOs that are operating in the Palestinian territories. | Link |
| Abdel Latif El Menawy. (2017, December 22). Disunity weakened Palestinian position. | Issues of Palestinian unity | •The various parties of the Palestinian leadership have reached a new stage of incompetence, and people have been anticipating the birth of a new leadership that is aware of the country’s real situation. •The situation happened to Jerusalem is a result of Palestine’s division and fragmentation, in addition to failed reconciliation, despite all the great opportunities. •Hamas and Fatah continue to hinder any reconciliation deal. | Link |
| Amal Jamal. (2006). Political and ideological factors of conflict in Palestinian society. Hans Joerg Albrecht, Simon, Razaei, Rohne and Kiza eds.) Conflict and Conflict Resolution in Middle Eastern Societies: Between Tradition and Modernity. Freiburg: Max Planck Institute in Freiburg, 2006. (pp. 229-256) | Issues in Palestinian Unity | •This paper discusses of structural factors of conflict in Palestinian society and, will be limited to the sources of fragmentation and conflict among Palestinian elites only. •This paper will demonstrate that Palestinian elites are disunited, a characteristic leading to a deep crisis in Palestinian politics and to an impasse in Palestinian progress towards independence. | Link |
| Saud Abu Ramadan & Emad Drimly (2020, July 5). News Analysis: Fatah, Hamas need more steps to strengthen Palestine’s internal unity. | Issues of Palestinian from historical perspective | •The internal division between Fatah and Hamas started 13 years ago when the latter routed the security forces of President Abbas and seized the Gaza Strip. •Over the past 13 years, the two rivals have reached several agreements and understandings. The last one was brokered by Egypt in October 2017, when both agreed on moving power in the coastal enclave to the Palestinian Authority. •However, they failed to implement the agreement because of deep differences over security affairs and payment of salaries to civil servants that Hamas has appointed. | Link |
| United Nation. (2015, July 2). Palestinian unity, respect for human rights, end to settlements vital to restart peace talks, realize two state solution, experts tell Moscow meeting. | Issues of Palestinian unity: actions | •Session title: “efforts in the United Nations: the next steps”, was the last in the two-day Meeting, convened by the Committee on the Exercise of the Inalienable Rights of the Palestinian People to explore ways to foster the conditions needed for a successful political process and review international efforts to achieve the two-State solution. -People on both sides, particularly youth, were losing faith in the two-State solution; recent polls revealed that just half of Israelis and Palestinians still believed in it. In the absence of a political process, the risks become higher and much more dangerous. | Link |
| Casalin. D. & Herremans. B. (2011). Palestinian Unity Government: EU should find ways to cooperate. Egmont security policy brief, no.25. | Issues of Palestinian unity | •The challenges to the reconciliation: Fatah and Hamas were not enough political will to reach an agreement, as both parties were consolidating their power in their respective spheres of interest. -Both parties were not willing to change their position and seemed interested in reconciliation only as far it did not interfere with their decision-making. There were also some major obstacles to reconciliation, such as the Palestinian Authority’s security cooperation with Israel and Hamas’ refusal to renounce violence. | Link |
| The national. (2012, Mar 11). Political disunity of Palestinian is a critical failure. | Issues of Palestinian unity | •Issues/conflict in Palestinian unity: -The squabbling between Hamas and Fatah makes them complicit in the suffering of their own people. Meanwhile, instability in the Occupied Territory allows groups like Al Quds Brigades to wage their own conflict with Israel, such as the recent rocket attacks that prompted Israel's violent backlash | Link |
| Cassanos. S. (2010). Political environment and transnational agency: A comparative analysis of the solidarity movement for Palestine. Honors Papers. 375. | Issues of Palestinian unity | •This paper considers whether the transnational framing processes of solidarity movements have the ability to influence government policy. •The solidarity movement should prepare to take advantage of these opportunities if they open while simultaneously working to erode the strength of pro-Israel ideologies that dominate in Gaventa’s second and third dimensions of power. | Link |
| Pettengill. J & Ahmed. H. (2011). Regional actors and the Fatah-Hamas unity deal shifting dynamics in the middle east? | Issues of Palestinian unity: historical perspective | •As the predominant forces in Palestinian politics, Hamas and Fatah have a history of rivalry. Hamas’ unexpected electoral victory in the 2006 elections for the Palestinian Authority (PA) led to a short and dysfunctional period in which the two parties attempted to share power in both the West Bank and Gaza Strip. | Link |
| Friedman. B. (2019). The crisis in Palestinian Politics: from national consensus to national (Dis) unity. Telaviv notes, Vol 13, no. 2. | Issues of Palestinian unity: historical perspective | •Hussam al-Dajani, a professor at Al-Umma University in Gaza: The failure to achieve national unity and end the twelve-year power struggle between Hamas and Fatah "will lead to separating the West Bank from Gaza and destroying the Palestinian state project. •The tension between Fatah and Hamas dramatically escalated in the aftermath of an Egyptian and U.N. mediated understanding between Israel and Hamas, which included a $150 million Qatari aid package. The agreement was intended to end the Hamas organized "Great March of Return" demonstrations at the Gaza border and ease the blockade on Gaza. | Link |
| Erakat. N & Hill. M. L. (2019. Black-Palestinian Transnational Solidarity: renewals, return and practice. Journal of Palestine Study, vol. 48, no.4. | Issues of Palestinian unity/historical perspective | •Through the analysis of “renewal,” the authors point to the recent increase in individual and collective energies directed toward developing effective, reciprocal, and transformative political relationships within various African-descendant and Palestinian communities around the world | Link |
| Safa Joudeh (2021). Defying exception: Gaza after the “Unity Uprising”. Journal of Palestine Studies, vol/50, no.4, 73-77. | Palestinian unity: concept and action/historical perspective | •The movement, the “Unity Uprising” or “Unity Intifada,” offered new hope that future engagement with, and contestation of, Gaza’s situation will occur in the context of collective Palestinian action. •Oslo Accords, which marked a shift in Israel’s policies of population management from an approach that relied on integration to a strategy of separation. | Link |
| Hirschfeld. Y. (2016). Creating the enabling conditions for reaching an Israel-Palestine two-state solution, (in) Developing an Israeli grand Strategy toward a peaceful two-state solution. Israel: Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung (FES). | Palestinian unity: historical perspective | • Historically and politically the different approaches to reach a two-state solution as prescribed by the Arab Peace Initiative on one hand, and by President George Bush's Rose Garden speech on the other, illustrates the fact that no common approach as how to reach a two-state solution has yet been established. | Link |
| Desai. C. (2021). Disrupting settler-colonial capitalism: Indigenous Intifadas and resurgent solidarity from Turtle Island to Palestine. Journal of Palestine studies, vol. 50, Iss 2, pg 43-66. | Palestinian unity: action | •The article attends to the distinct historical, political-economic, and juridical formations that undergird settler colonialism in Canada and Israel/Palestine. •History has taught us that when solidarity is rooted in a radical politics of internationalism, we are able to connect global power structures and their regimes of violence transnationally and work toward remaking global life by unifying peoples, movements, and political projects beyond borders—from Wet’suwet’en to Palestine and to the rest of the Global South. | Link |
| Cassidy. M. A. (2011). Israel and Palestine: An E.U model for peace. Inquiries Journal/Student Pulse, Vol. 3, no.06, pg 1/1. | Palestinian issues: action/unity models | •The two-state economic union solution is a mixture of the best qualities of the singular state and two state ideas. Two states would enable both sides to exercise self-determination. An economic union will promote trade cooperation and incentive for both sides to succeed together. | Link |
| Marwan Bishara. (2020, May 19). Palestine: the third way forward. | Issues of Palestinian: action | •New generation of Palestinians are needed to step up and take over from the predominantly septuagenarian and octogenarian leadership to chart a fresh, new way forward. •Palestinians needed to unite behind multiple strategies, instead of being divided behind one failed strategy of negotiations. •These micro strategies should be continuously synchronised and synergised as integral parts of the national struggle for justice and liberation as a whole. | Link |
| Cassidy. A. M. (2011). Israel and Palestine: An E.U model for peace. Inquiries Journal/Student Pulse, 3(06). Retrieved from | Issues of Palestinian: historical perspective & unity model | •The overall idea of any peace solution should be to find a way where two different people can co-exist with stability and opportunity. •A possible solution to this conflict may lie in establishing a two state economic union based on exploiting economic strengths in the hopes of creating a relationship of mutual success | Link |
| Stinnett. A. C. (2012). The right of return: An obstacle on the road to peaceful negotiations between Israel and Palestine. Inquiries Journal/student Pulse, 4(01). Retrieve from http://www.inquiriesjournal.com/articles/611/the-right-of-return-an-obstacle-on-the-road-to-peaceful-negotiations-between-israel-and-palestine | Issues of Palestinian unity | •This paper analyzed the negative effects of the continued Palestinian pressure for Palestinians’ right of return. As demonstrated by the history of the conflict and failed attempts at negotiations, the demand for the ROR has prevented the two states from agreeing on an effective long-term solution for decades. | Link |
| Asseburg. M. (2017). The Fatah-Hamas reconciliation agreement of October 2017: An opportunity to end Gaza Humanitarian crisis and permanently overcome the blockade. | Palestinian unity/ disunity: Historical perspective | •In important dimensions of the reconciliation process agreement has yet to be reached between Hamas and Fatah. Merging apparatuses under the auspices of the PA will be a tricky undertaking. •Major obstacles to a comprehensive reconciliation- the Palestinian president and his Fatah party may lack motivation to hold elections, in view of the splits within the party and loss of popularity | Link |
| Danin. M. R. (2014, April 23). The Fatah-Hamas Gaza Palestinian unity agreement. | Palestinian unity: issue | •Hamas and Fatah- reached and agreement to overcome their split, claiming they will form a unity government within five weeks and hold general elections. •The fundamental issues that divide them remain: Hamas is interested in an Islamist agenda while Fatah opposes it. Hamas opposes a two-state peace solution to the conflict with Israel while Fatah supports it. Moreover, Hamas is loath to relinquish control of Gaza, and Fatah has no interest in sharing the West Bank with its political adversary. | Link |
| Morro, P. (2007). International Reaction to Palestinian Unity Government | Palestinian unity: issue | - The new Palestinian unity government established in March 2007 complicates U.S. policy toward the Palestinian Authority (PA) and the peace process. - Some observers believe Saudi efforts to gain acceptance of the unity government and restart Israeli-Palestinian peace talks may be an effort to set the price for Saudi cooperation on other U.S. policies in the region - US : The Bush Administration expressed disappointment with the unity government platform and said that Prime Minister Haniyeh of Hamas had “failed to step up to international standards.” - The European Union : The EU’s reaction to the Palestinian unity government has tracked closely with the United States thus far. EU officials have begun meeting with non-Hamas members of the PA government, but left in place the ban on direct aid. - Russia : Although a member of the Quartet, Russia has taken a different approach to the Hamas government from the beginning by maintaining contact with Hamas officials and recently arguing to lift the aid embargo. - The United Nations : Neither the U.N. Security Council nor the U.N. General Assembly have adopted resolutions or taken a position in response to the formation of the unity government. - Israel: The Israeli government is maintaining a complete ban on meetings with Palestinian ministers, including non-Hamas ministers, and continues to withhold tax and customs revenues that it collects on behalf of the PA. | Link |
| United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA) and the Peacebuilding Support Office (PBSO). (2017) | Palestinian Unity - Among Youth | -Several factors have contributed to the insecurity and prevalence of violence, including primarily the ongoing conflict with the Israeli occupation, the continuous violent practices against the Palestinians, as well as the dispute between Hamas and Fateh that has evolved into various forms of confrontations and reciprocal violence. This has led to the emergence of anti-democratic practices at the level of leaderships, the creation of extremist groups, the development of armed conflicts and tribal disputes, leading to multiple forms of community violence -youth issues do not receive adequate attention and fail to occupy a central position in the decision-making agenda. | Link |