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Bibliography - Background of Palestine
| Source | Theme | Discussion | Web Link |
|---|---|---|---|
| Palestine Facts | Demograpahy | -UN adopted a plan to divide Palestine into a Jewish state and an Arab state, with Jerusalem put under international control. The Jews accepted the decision. The Arabs who stood to lose considerable land holdings, view the plan as inequitable and rejected it on May 1948. | Link |
| Noorulain Khawaja (2018). The politic of demography in the Israeli- Palestinian conflict. | Demography | - There are about 6.5 million Israeli Jews and slightly fewer Palestinians (6.41 million) in Israel and the occupied territories. But the higher fertility rate among Palestinian women seemed to guarantee a future Palestinian majority. | Link |
| Abraham Accords: Palestine issue should be addressed for a peaceful Middle East | Political issue | The Abraham Accords – a joint declaration of the United States, Israel, and the United Arab Emirates, was signed alongside a peace agreement, although there has never been a state of war or conflict between Israel and the UAE. | Link |
| Crisis in Human Rights Knowledge: Case of Palestine | Human Right | -. In this paper, it is argued that many examples of the crises in human rights knowledge can be seen in Palestine's case. In this context, the first part will discuss the historical development of human rights knowledge, and the second part will focus on the cases related to basic human rights violations from Palestine | Link |
| Britain in Palestine (1917-1948) - Occupation, the Palestine Mandate, and International Law | Historial perspective and law | -This article seeks to explain the origins of the conflict by examining Britain’s conduct in Palestine from 1917-1948. British conduct in Palestine could rarely, if at all, claim to be accordance with the new international legal order the UK had helped to create following WWI. Repeatedly ignoring international law did not benefit the British: their rule in Palestine was to end in humiliating defeat in 1948. | Link |
| Peran Diplomasi Indonesia Dalam Konflik Israel-Palestina | Conflict resolution theory | Indonesian diplomacy has taken place in the Israeli-Palestinian conflict Throught the history of Indonesia's closeness with Palestine, Indonesia is one of the countries actively calling for Palestinian independence with a two-state solution Indonesia plays the role of co-sponsor, facilitator, mediator, participator, initiator, actor, motivator and justifier in helping resolve the Israeli_x0002_Palestinian conflict. | Link |
| The State of Palestine A Critical Analysis | Political issue | -This critical analysis of internal Palestinian politics in the West Bank traces the re-emergence of the Palestinian Authority’s established elite in the aftermath of the failed unity government and examines the main security and economic agendas pursued by them during that period. | Link |
| The Regional Powers’ Influence on Political Transformation Process in the Palestinian Territories | Political issue | -Developments in the region are quick and surprising. It has become obvious that regional influences have become a basic component of the Palestinian decision making process due to numerous internal and external consideration. - Fatah and Hamas - remain engaged in a state of regional polarization on one hand and a state of infighting on the other hand. | Link |
| Palestinian Political Discourse: Between exile and occupation | Political issue | -A great deal of political and academic responses to the Israel/Palestine conflict have construed the Palestinians as an object of Western and Israeli discourses, rather than their own Palestinian discourse. Discourse analysis methodology underlies the critical examination of the genealogy of concepts and frames that have oriented Palestinian political thought. | Link |
| Hamas: A Historical and Political Background | Political issue | marked the beginning of the true political revival of the Islamic forces in the West Bank and Gaza Strip in the face of Israeli occupation on the one hand, and the national secular forces led by the PLO on the other | Link |
| Palestine, the Birthplace of Civilization | History and demography | - The number of Palestinians in the world is estimated at 13.3 million, compared to 14.7 million Jews. But since the rate of population growth among Palestinians is 2.7 times the rate of growth among Jews, it will take the Palestinians 4 years to outnumber Jews in the world. -Being an apartheid state is not going to save Israel from the fate of South Africa despite American official support. Support for the Palestinians among young Jewish Americans and liberals is much more than anyone had expected a few years ago | Link |
| The Palestinian Issue: Historical Background and Contemporary Developments | History | -general overview of the Palestinian issue, by tracing its historical junctures and its current developments. For the reader, this will facilitate his comprehension of its overall picture, the intertwined factors connected to it, at any stage and in a logical sequence, up to the present stage. | Link |
| Enforcing Human Rights of Palestinians in the Occupied Territory | Human Right | -This study examines the applicability of international human rights and humanitarian laws as well as domestic laws to assess the contribution of these directives in protecting the fundamental human rights of Palestinians in the Occupied Territory -Research demonstrate that international human rights treaties and international humanitarian law conventions are de facto and de jure applicable in the Occupied Territory. | Link |
| Palestinian Nationalism: From Secularism to Islam | Political Ideology | -secular Palestinian nationalism was just a stage in the development of Palestinian national identity and it can not succeed in the contemporary political situation of the region. | Link |
| Human rights situation in the Occupied Palestinian Territory, including East Jerusalem | Human Right | -The present report is submitted pursuant to Human Rights Council resolution 46/3 and provides an overview of the implementation of the resolution and the developments that are of relevance to the human rights situation in the Occupied Palestinian Territory, including East Jerusalem, and the obligation to ensure accountability and justice | Link |
| The American Christian Right’s Response Towards the Israel-Palestine Conflicts | - Explores the critical response of the Christian Right towards the Israel-Palestine conflicts by examining two events: the 2002 Road Map Peace Plan and the Annapolis Conference. It seeks to examine the critical role of the Christian Right in American foreign policy during the George W. Bush administration, with particular regard to Israel and Palestine. - the paper seeks to establish that, after 9/11, the Christian Right extended its support for Israel beyond itstraditional theological partiality and that such support was offered under a banner of American national security and the War on Terror. - Christian Right movement during the Bush’s administration has extended its support for Israel beyond their theological beliefs and have incorporated the issue of ensuring American and Israeli security as an integral part of their agenda in support of Israel. - They not only justified their support as being founded solely on their religious beliefs on the rights of the Jews over Palestinian land, but they have gone a step further in consolidating their support based on the notion of Israeli and American national interests at large. | Link | |
| Overview of the Palestinian-Israeli Conflict | -The Palestinian-Israeli conflict is essentially a modern conflict originating in the 20th century. However, the roots of the conflict – involving competing historical claims to the same stretch of land - go back thousands of years. -War erupted between Israel and its Arab neighbors several times over the next decades: in 1956, 1967, and 1973. -Important Issues Separating Israelis and Palestinians: 1- Security- Random attacks and acts of terrorism are problems faced by both sides. Israelis resent that they can’t walk down a street without worrying that something – or someone – will blow up beside them 2- Right of return Palestinian Refugees -This issue is one of the top priorities of the Palestinians, who feel that all refugees and their descendents should have a right to return to their place of origin blow up beside them. 3- Control of Jerusalem. This city is holy to Jews (original religious center), Christians, (site of Jesus’ ministry and crucifixion), and Muslims (site from which the Prophet Muhammad is believed to have ascended into heaven). 4- Israeli troops in Palestinian territories. Israelis say their troops are necessary to provide security; Palestinians say the Israeli troops harass or even attack innocent people. Palestinians want their own troops in charge of Palestinian areas 5- Israeli settlements in Palestinian lands. Since the 1967 war, tens of thousands of Jewish settlers have moved into the Gaza strip and the West Bank, claiming the Israelis have a right to that land dating from Biblical times 6- Movement of people and goods in the West Bank and Gaza. Israelis consider the checkpoints, walls, special roads, and other restrictions on the movement of Arab inhabitants to be important for Israeli security 7- Water. Water is scarce in the area, and Israel controls the resource both within Israel and in the Occupied Palestinian Territories. 8- The propaganda and language of hate. Both Palestinians and Jews are split among moderates and extremists, and extremists on both sides portray the other side as less than human. On the surface, the problem of words seems less pressing than problems of hostile soldiers, suicide bombers, or refugees. | Link | |
| The Regional Powers’ Influence on Political Transformation Process in the Palestinian Territories | Political Issue in Palestine | -Since establishment of the Palestinian National Authority, the internal Palestinian reality is characterisized by the existence of 2 difference visions for managing the confrotation with the Israeli occupation. -there is a state of tension and strain between an armed Islamic ideological track that aspires for change and imposing new formulas for mangaing the confrontation and a pragmatic nationalist track that has adapted to Arab realism and present capabilities. - loss of confidence which has deepened as a result of the political division and security chaos, Hamas's control of the Gaza strip and the PA efforts in the West Bank. -Hamas was considered an opposition party to Fatah which had started to seize power ever since the establishment of PA. -Hamas became the leading political elite in the West Bank which controled its affairs, therefore looking back the political authority after almost one year, while Hamas and its political elitr returned to the position of the opposition. -Both Hamas and Fatah work with social charitable organization and institutions in line with trheir strategies to reach out the massses. -Charity institutions formed one of the most important causes of the wide popularity enjoyed by some political movements among the Palestinians especially Hamas. | Link |
| A Threshold Crossed Israeli Authorities and the Crimes of Apartheid and Persecution | Human Right Issue | -International criminal law has developed two crimes against humanity for situations of systematic discrimination and repression: apartheid and persecution. Crimes against humanity stand among the most odious crimes in international law. -The State of Palestine is a state party to both the Rome Statute and the Apartheid Convention. In February 2021, the ICC ruled that it has jurisdiction over serious international crimes committed in the entirety of the OPT, including East Jerusalem, which would include the crimes against humanity of apartheid or persecution committed in that territory. In March 2021, the ICC Office of Prosecutor announced the opening of a formal investigation into the situation in Palestine. -To implement the goal of domination, the Israeli government institutionally discriminates against Palestinians. The intensity of that discrimination varies according to different rules established by the Israeli government in Israel, on the one hand, and different parts of the OPT, on the other, where the most severe form takes place. -In the OPT, which Israel has recognized as a single territory encompassing the West Bank and Gaza, Israeli authorities treat Palestinians separately and unequally as compared to Jewish Israeli settlers. In the occupied West Bank, Israel subjects Palestinians to draconian military law and enforces segregation, largely prohibiting Palestinians from entering settlements. -Pursuant to these policies, Israeli authorities have carried out a range of inhumane acts in the OPT. Those include sweeping restrictions on the movement of 4.7 million Palestinians there; the confiscation of much of their land; the imposition of harsh conditions, including categorical denial of building permits in large parts of the West Bank, which has led thousands of Palestinians to leave their homes under conditions that amount to forcible transfer; the denial of residency rights to hundreds of thousands of Palestinians and their relatives, largely for being abroad when the occupation began in 1967, or for long periods during the first few decades of the occupation, or as a result of the effective freeze on family reunification over the last two decades; and the suspension of basic civil rights, such as freedom of assembly and association, depriving Palestinians of the opportunity to have a voice in a wide range of affairs that most affect their daily lives and futures. | Link |
| “Confronting Human Rights Abuses in the Palestinian Authority: An Essential Step for Progress in the Region” | Human Right Issue | -The Palestinian Authority has long engaged in wide-scale abuse of the basic rights and civil liberties of the population under its jurisdiction. -Despite this fact, its leadership has continued to be championed on the world stage as moderates and as the legitimate representatives of the Palestinians at the negotiating table. Regardless of its serious and ongoing democratic deficit, the use of violence and torture, the extensive repression of fundamental rights relating to the freedom of expression, and the prevalence of extremist incitement, the Palestinian Authority has continued to be rewarded by the international community. -Given that the PA’s continual abuses against its own people are contributing to increased levels of alienation and furthering the cause of extremists, there is an imperative for encouraging a change in policy. -Better monitoring of human rights abuses committed under the PA, as well as an increased level of international recognition of the effects of the PA’s repressive activities, would represent an important starting point for grappling with this urgent issue. | Link |
| Racial Discrimination in Palestine | Dicrimination | -This is the first report of the State of Palestine since its accession to the Convention without entering any reservations in 2014 -This report tackles the most important measures taken by the State of Palestine to implement the Convention and to enshrine the rights and protection of all Palestinians against racial discrimination. In the context of the work of Maat for Peace, Development and Human Rights with the international human rights mechanisms, it has conducted this report which highlights the blatant and systematic violations perpetrated by the Israeli occupation authorities against the Palestinian people through the enactment of racist laws and restrictions on educational institutions, as well as violations. The report also outlines a set of discriminatory laws in Palestine. - the discrimation against women- in education -apartheid -Combatting Terrorism Law, which replaced all laws and regulations implemented by the occupying security body -Denial of nationality -right to own property -education right | Link |
| The Social, Economic, Political and Geo-Strategic Situation In The Occupied Palestinian Territories | Social, economy and political issue | - The Occupied Palestinian Territory (OPT) is an exceptional case study in that the Palestinians inhabit an occupied territory and the project of state-building is still in the making. -The Palestinian struggle against the occupation has been considered as a key explanatory factor behind the emergence of the Islamist secularist dialectic in the Occupied Territory. -The two most significant political factions in the Palestinian arena are Fatah (meaning ‘Opening’ or ‘Conquest’ and a reverse acronym from the Arabic name Harakat al-Tahrir al-Watani al-Filastini, literally: Palestinian National Liberation Movement), a secular movement and Hamas (Harakat al-Muqawama al-Islamiyya, meaning ‘zeal’), the Islamic Resistance Movement. -The non-existence of a Palestinian state makes it very difficult to analyse the social, economic, political and geostrategic situation in the OPT and represents the a priori obstacle for testing its sustainability, if by state sustainability we understand the long-term development of the political, economic and social potential of the future of a state’s structures -International recognition of Palestine’s unilateral declaration of statehood would bring positive effects only if it culminates in international pressure on Israel and that is not the case at the moment. | Link |